Views on initials and finals of Mandarin in Pinyin
As there are different tables floating around, I wanted to compare them and explore the different view on the syllables' initials and finals. There is not only a difference in the order of the parts, but also in how the syllables are placed under which initial and which final. E.g. the final of yu is pronounced like nü, though the "dots" (diaresis) are missing, so this syllable is placed under final ü in some tables.
Started as Pinyin syllable sets compared the interest in differnt visualisations grew, so here you can find a bigger collection of tables, each with special characteristics.
Without wanting to say too much - here is a list of different views on the syllables of Mandarin Chinese:
Simple grouping according to written form of Pinyin
a | ao | ai | an | ang | o | ou | ong | u | ü | ua | uai | uan | uang | ue | üe | un | uo | ui | e | er | ei | en | eng | i | ia | iao | iu | ie | ian | in | iang | ing | iong | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | ba | bao | bai | ban | bang | bo | bu | bei | ben | beng | bi | biao | bie | bian | bin | bing | ||||||||||||||||||
p | pa | pao | pai | pan | pang | po | pou | pu | pei | pen | peng | pi | piao | pie | pian | pin | ping | |||||||||||||||||
m | ma | mao | mai | man | mang | mo | mou | mu | me | mei | men | meng | mi | miao | miu | mie | mian | min | ming | |||||||||||||||
f | fa | fan | fang | fo | fou | fu | fe | fei | fen | feng | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
d | da | dao | dai | dan | dang | dou | dong | du | duan | dun | duo | dui | de | dei | den | deng | di | dia | diao | diu | die | dian | ding | |||||||||||
t | ta | tao | tai | tan | tang | tou | tong | tu | tuan | tun | tuo | tui | te | teng | ti | tiao | tie | tian | ting | |||||||||||||||
n | na | nao | nai | nan | nang | nou | nong | nu | nü | nuan | nüe | nun | nuo | ne | nei | nen | neng | ni | niao | niu | nie | nian | nin | niang | ning | |||||||||
l | la | lao | lai | lan | lang | lo | lou | long | lu | lü | luan | lüe | lun | luo | le | lei | leng | li | lia | liao | liu | lie | lian | lin | liang | ling | ||||||||
z | za | zao | zai | zan | zang | zou | zong | zu | zuan | zun | zuo | zui | ze | zei | zen | zeng | zi | |||||||||||||||||
c | ca | cao | cai | can | cang | cou | cong | cu | cuan | cun | cuo | cui | ce | cei | cen | ceng | ci | |||||||||||||||||
s | sa | sao | sai | san | sang | sou | song | su | suan | sun | suo | sui | se | sen | seng | si | ||||||||||||||||||
zh | zha | zhao | zhai | zhan | zhang | zhou | zhong | zhu | zhua | zhuai | zhuan | zhuang | zhun | zhuo | zhui | zhe | zhei | zhen | zheng | zhi | ||||||||||||||
ch | cha | chao | chai | chan | chang | chou | chong | chu | chua | chuai | chuan | chuang | chun | chuo | chui | che | chen | cheng | chi | |||||||||||||||
sh | sha | shao | shai | shan | shang | shou | shu | shua | shuai | shuan | shuang | shun | shuo | shui | she | shei | shen | sheng | shi | |||||||||||||||
r | rao | ran | rang | rou | rong | ru | rua | ruan | run | ruo | rui | re | ren | reng | ri | |||||||||||||||||||
j | ju | juan | jue | jun | ji | jia | jiao | jiu | jie | jian | jin | jiang | jing | jiong | ||||||||||||||||||||
q | qu | quan | que | qun | qi | qia | qiao | qiu | qie | qian | qin | qiang | qing | qiong | ||||||||||||||||||||
x | xu | xuan | xue | xun | xi | xia | xiao | xiu | xie | xian | xin | xiang | xiong | |||||||||||||||||||||
g | ga | gao | gai | gan | gang | gou | gong | gu | gua | guai | guan | guang | gun | guo | gui | ge | gei | gen | geng | |||||||||||||||
k | ka | kao | kai | kan | kang | kou | kong | ku | kua | kuai | kuan | kuang | kun | kuo | kui | ke | kei | ken | keng | |||||||||||||||
h | ha | hao | hai | han | hang | hou | hong | hu | hua | huai | huan | huang | hun | huo | hui | he | hei | hen | heng | |||||||||||||||
w | wa | wai | wan | wang | wo | wu | wei | wen | weng | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
y | ya | yao | yai | yan | yang | yo | you | yong | yu | yuan | yue | yun | ye | yi | yin | ying | ||||||||||||||||||
a | ao | ai | an | ang | o | ou | e | er | ei | en | eng |
Compare the Article Pinyin on Wikipedia (de).
Missing syllables: hng, hm, n, ng, m, ê
Discrimination of some parts pronounced differently, following ISO 7098
a | o | e | ê | -i | er | ai | ei | ao | ou | an | en | ang | eng | ong | i | ia | iao | ie | iu | ian | in | iang | ing | iong | u | ua | uo | uai | ui | uan | un | uang | ü | üe | üan | ün | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | o | e | e | er | ai | ei | ao | ou | an | en | ang | eng | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
y | ya | yo | ye | yai | yao | you | yan | yang | yong | yi | yin | ying | yu | yue | yuan | yun | |||||||||||||||||||||
w | wa | wo | wai | wei | wan | wen | wang | weng | wu | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
b | ba | bo | bai | bei | bao | ban | ben | bang | beng | bi | biao | bie | bian | bin | bing | bu | |||||||||||||||||||||
p | pa | po | pai | pei | pao | pou | pan | pen | pang | peng | pi | piao | pie | pian | pin | ping | pu | ||||||||||||||||||||
m | ma | mo | me | mai | mei | mao | mou | man | men | mang | meng | mi | miao | mie | miu | mian | min | ming | mu | ||||||||||||||||||
f | fa | fo | fe | fei | fou | fan | fen | fang | feng | fu | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
d | da | de | dai | dei | dao | dou | dan | den | dang | deng | dong | di | dia | diao | die | diu | dian | ding | du | duo | dui | duan | dun | ||||||||||||||
t | ta | te | tai | tao | tou | tan | tang | teng | tong | ti | tiao | tie | tian | ting | tu | tuo | tui | tuan | tun | ||||||||||||||||||
n | na | ne | nai | nei | nao | nou | nan | nen | nang | neng | nong | ni | niao | nie | niu | nian | nin | niang | ning | nu | nuo | nuan | nun | nü | nüe | ||||||||||||
l | la | lo | le | lai | lei | lao | lou | lan | lang | leng | long | li | lia | liao | lie | liu | lian | lin | liang | ling | lu | luo | luan | lun | lü | lüe | |||||||||||
z | za | ze | zi | zai | zei | zao | zou | zan | zen | zang | zeng | zong | zu | zuo | zui | zuan | zun | ||||||||||||||||||||
c | ca | ce | ci | cai | cei | cao | cou | can | cen | cang | ceng | cong | cu | cuo | cui | cuan | cun | ||||||||||||||||||||
s | sa | se | si | sai | sao | sou | san | sen | sang | seng | song | su | suo | sui | suan | sun | |||||||||||||||||||||
zh | zha | zhe | zhi | zhai | zhei | zhao | zhou | zhan | zhen | zhang | zheng | zhong | zhu | zhua | zhuo | zhuai | zhui | zhuan | zhun | zhuang | |||||||||||||||||
ch | cha | che | chi | chai | chao | chou | chan | chen | chang | cheng | chong | chu | chua | chuo | chuai | chui | chuan | chun | chuang | ||||||||||||||||||
sh | sha | she | shi | shai | shei | shao | shou | shan | shen | shang | sheng | shu | shua | shuo | shuai | shui | shuan | shun | shuang | ||||||||||||||||||
r | re | ri | rao | rou | ran | ren | rang | reng | rong | ru | rua | ruo | rui | ruan | run | ||||||||||||||||||||||
j | ji | jia | jiao | jie | jiu | jian | jin | jiang | jing | jiong | ju | jue | juan | jun | |||||||||||||||||||||||
q | qi | qia | qiao | qie | qiu | qian | qin | qiang | qing | qiong | qu | que | quan | qun | |||||||||||||||||||||||
x | xi | xia | xiao | xie | xiu | xian | xin | xiang | xiong | xu | xue | xuan | xun | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
g | ga | ge | gai | gei | gao | gou | gan | gen | gang | geng | gong | gu | gua | guo | guai | gui | guan | gun | guang | ||||||||||||||||||
k | ka | ke | kai | kei | kao | kou | kan | ken | kang | keng | kong | ku | kua | kuo | kuai | kui | kuan | kun | kuang | ||||||||||||||||||
h | ha | he | hai | hei | hao | hou | han | hen | hang | heng | hong | hu | hua | huo | huai | hui | huan | hun | huang |
Missing syllables: hng, hm, n, ng, m, ê
See below for ê.
More consequent view, initials y, w grouped under diphthongs and triphthong without initial character
As found in Praktisches Chinesisch, Band I, Kommerzieller Verlag, Beijing 2001, ISBN 7-100-01675-4.
a | o | e | ê | -i | er | ai | ei | ao | ou | an | en | ang | eng | ong | i | ia | iao | ie | iu | ian | in | iang | ing | iong | u | ua | uo | uai | ui | uan | un | uang | ueng | ü | üe | üan | ün | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | o | e | e | er | ai | ei | ao | ou | an | en | ang | eng | yi | ya | yao | ye | you | yan | yin | yang | ying | yong | wu | wa | wo | wai | wei | wan | wen | wang | weng | yu | yue | yuan | yun | |||
b | ba | bo | bai | bei | bao | ban | ben | bang | beng | bi | biao | bie | bian | bin | bing | bu | ||||||||||||||||||||||
p | pa | po | pai | pei | pao | pou | pan | pen | pang | peng | pi | piao | pie | pian | pin | ping | pu | |||||||||||||||||||||
m | ma | mo | me | mai | mei | mao | mou | man | men | mang | meng | mi | miao | mie | miu | mian | min | ming | mu | |||||||||||||||||||
f | fa | fo | fe | fei | fou | fan | fen | fang | feng | fu | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
d | da | de | dai | dei | dao | dou | dan | den | dang | deng | dong | di | dia | diao | die | diu | dian | ding | du | duo | dui | duan | dun | |||||||||||||||
t | ta | te | tai | tao | tou | tan | tang | teng | tong | ti | tiao | tie | tian | ting | tu | tuo | tui | tuan | tun | |||||||||||||||||||
n | na | ne | nai | nei | nao | nou | nan | nen | nang | neng | nong | ni | niao | nie | niu | nian | nin | niang | ning | nu | nuo | nuan | nun | nü | nüe | |||||||||||||
l | la | lo | le | lai | lei | lao | lou | lan | lang | leng | long | li | lia | liao | lie | liu | lian | lin | liang | ling | lu | luo | luan | lun | lü | lüe | ||||||||||||
z | za | ze | zi | zai | zei | zao | zou | zan | zen | zang | zeng | zong | zu | zuo | zui | zuan | zun | |||||||||||||||||||||
c | ca | ce | ci | cai | cei | cao | cou | can | cen | cang | ceng | cong | cu | cuo | cui | cuan | cun | |||||||||||||||||||||
s | sa | se | si | sai | sao | sou | san | sen | sang | seng | song | su | suo | sui | suan | sun | ||||||||||||||||||||||
zh | zha | zhe | zhi | zhai | zhei | zhao | zhou | zhan | zhen | zhang | zheng | zhong | zhu | zhua | zhuo | zhuai | zhui | zhuan | zhun | zhuang | ||||||||||||||||||
ch | cha | che | chi | chai | chao | chou | chan | chen | chang | cheng | chong | chu | chua | chuo | chuai | chui | chuan | chun | chuang | |||||||||||||||||||
sh | sha | she | shi | shai | shei | shao | shou | shan | shen | shang | sheng | shu | shua | shuo | shuai | shui | shuan | shun | shuang | |||||||||||||||||||
r | re | ri | rao | rou | ran | ren | rang | reng | rong | ru | rua | ruo | rui | ruan | run | |||||||||||||||||||||||
j | ji | jia | jiao | jie | jiu | jian | jin | jiang | jing | jiong | ju | jue | juan | jun | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
q | qi | qia | qiao | qie | qiu | qian | qin | qiang | qing | qiong | qu | que | quan | qun | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
x | xi | xia | xiao | xie | xiu | xian | xin | xiang | xiong | xu | xue | xuan | xun | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
g | ga | ge | gai | gei | gao | gou | gan | gen | gang | geng | gong | gu | gua | guo | guai | gui | guan | gun | guang | |||||||||||||||||||
k | ka | ke | kai | kei | kao | kou | kan | ken | kang | keng | kong | ku | kua | kuo | kuai | kui | kuan | kun | kuang | |||||||||||||||||||
h | ha | he | hai | hei | hao | hou | han | hen | hang | heng | hong | hu | hua | huo | huai | hui | huan | hun | huang |
Missing syllables: yo, yai, hng, hm, n, ng, m, ê
y- and w- initials are pronounced as i and u except with yi, wu and thus can be put under the empty initial row (except yo as there is no io).
-i indicates different pronuciation for zi, zhi and others in contrast to yi, ti....
e is put under two columns, as 俄 is pronounced [ɤ] but 欸 is pronounced [ɛ] which is an exception. ê is left out as it serves the same purpose as e in this context: to mark the irregular pronuncitation as [ɤ].
Forms like yu, qu and others should actually be written yü, qü as to follow the design for nü, lü but as u is written wu and there is no [tɕʰu] the diaresis are ommited.
Transposed table following Pinyin.info
b | p | m | f | d | t | n | l | g | k | h | z | c | s | zh | ch | sh | r | j | q | x | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | ba | pa | ma | fa | da | ta | na | la | ga | ka | ha | za | ca | sa | zha | cha | sha | a | ||||
o | bo | po | mo | fo | lo | o | ||||||||||||||||
e | me | fe | de | te | ne | le | ge | ke | he | ze | ce | se | zhe | che | she | re | e | |||||
ai | bai | pai | mai | dai | tai | nai | lai | gai | kai | hai | zai | cai | sai | zhai | chai | shai | ai | |||||
ei | bei | pei | mei | fei | dei | nei | lei | gei | kei | hei | zei | cei | zhei | shei | ei | |||||||
ao | bao | pao | mao | dao | tao | nao | lao | gao | kao | hao | zao | cao | sao | zhao | chao | shao | rao | ao | ||||
ou | pou | mou | fou | dou | tou | nou | lou | gou | kou | hou | zou | cou | sou | zhou | chou | shou | rou | ou | ||||
an | ban | pan | man | fan | dan | tan | nan | lan | gan | kan | han | zan | can | san | zhan | chan | shan | ran | an | |||
ang | bang | pang | mang | fang | dang | tang | nang | lang | gang | kang | hang | zang | cang | sang | zhang | chang | shang | rang | ang | |||
en | ben | pen | men | fen | den | nen | gen | ken | hen | zen | cen | sen | zhen | chen | shen | ren | en | |||||
eng | beng | peng | meng | feng | deng | teng | neng | leng | geng | keng | heng | zeng | ceng | seng | zheng | cheng | sheng | reng | eng | |||
ong | dong | tong | nong | long | gong | kong | hong | zong | cong | song | zhong | chong | rong | |||||||||
u | bu | pu | mu | fu | du | tu | nu | lu | gu | ku | hu | zu | cu | su | zhu | chu | shu | ru | wu | |||
ua | gua | kua | hua | zhua | chua | shua | rua | wa | ||||||||||||||
uo | duo | tuo | nuo | luo | guo | kuo | huo | zuo | cuo | suo | zhuo | chuo | shuo | ruo | wo | |||||||
uai | guai | kuai | huai | zhuai | chuai | shuai | wai | |||||||||||||||
ui | dui | tui | gui | kui | hui | zui | cui | sui | zhui | chui | shui | rui | wei | |||||||||
uan | duan | tuan | nuan | luan | guan | kuan | huan | zuan | cuan | suan | zhuan | chuan | shuan | ruan | wan | |||||||
uang | guang | kuang | huang | zhuang | chuang | shuang | wang | |||||||||||||||
un | dun | tun | nun | lun | gun | kun | hun | zun | cun | sun | zhun | chun | shun | run | wen | |||||||
ueng | weng | |||||||||||||||||||||
i | bi | pi | mi | di | ti | ni | li | zi | ci | si | zhi | chi | shi | ri | ji | qi | xi | yi | ||||
ia | dia | lia | jia | qia | xia | ya | ||||||||||||||||
ie | bie | pie | mie | die | tie | nie | lie | jie | qie | xie | ye | |||||||||||
iao | biao | piao | miao | diao | tiao | niao | liao | jiao | qiao | xiao | yao | |||||||||||
iu | miu | diu | niu | liu | jiu | qiu | xiu | you | ||||||||||||||
ian | bian | pian | mian | dian | tian | nian | lian | jian | qian | xian | yan | |||||||||||
in | bin | pin | min | nin | lin | jin | qin | xin | yin | |||||||||||||
ing | bing | ping | ming | ding | ting | ning | ling | jing | qing | ying | ||||||||||||
iang | niang | liang | jiang | qiang | xiang | yang | ||||||||||||||||
iong | jiong | qiong | xiong | yong | ||||||||||||||||||
ü | nü | lü | ju | qu | xu | yu | ||||||||||||||||
üe | nüe | lüe | jue | que | xue | yue | ||||||||||||||||
üan | juan | quan | xuan | yuan | ||||||||||||||||||
ün | jun | qun | xun | yun |
Missing syllables: yo, yai, er, hng, hm, n, ng, m, ê
Compare this table to http://www.pinyin.info/rules/initials_finals.html where there is also a short explanation on different (re-)groupings.
Extended table including all syllables
b | p | m | f | d | t | n | l | z | c | s | zh | ch | sh | r | j | q | x | g | k | h | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | a | ba | pa | ma | fa | da | ta | na | la | za | ca | sa | zha | cha | sha | ga | ka | ha | ||||
o | o | bo | po | mo | fo | lo | ||||||||||||||||
e | e | me | fe | de | te | ne | le | ze | ce | se | zhe | che | she | re | ge | ke | he | |||||
ê | ê | |||||||||||||||||||||
ɿ | zi | ci | si | |||||||||||||||||||
ʅ | zhi | chi | shi | ri | ||||||||||||||||||
er | er | |||||||||||||||||||||
ai | ai | bai | pai | mai | dai | tai | nai | lai | zai | cai | sai | zhai | chai | shai | gai | kai | hai | |||||
ei | ei | bei | pei | mei | fei | dei | nei | lei | zei | cei | zhei | shei | gei | kei | hei | |||||||
ao | ao | bao | pao | mao | dao | tao | nao | lao | zao | cao | sao | zhao | chao | shao | rao | gao | kao | hao | ||||
ou | ou | pou | mou | fou | dou | tou | nou | lou | zou | cou | sou | zhou | chou | shou | rou | gou | kou | hou | ||||
an | an | ban | pan | man | fan | dan | tan | nan | lan | zan | can | san | zhan | chan | shan | ran | gan | kan | han | |||
en | en | ben | pen | men | fen | den | nen | zen | cen | sen | zhen | chen | shen | ren | gen | ken | hen | |||||
ang | ang | bang | pang | mang | fang | dang | tang | nang | lang | zang | cang | sang | zhang | chang | shang | rang | gang | kang | hang | |||
eng | eng | beng | peng | meng | feng | deng | teng | neng | leng | zeng | ceng | seng | zheng | cheng | sheng | reng | geng | keng | heng | |||
ong | dong | tong | nong | long | zong | cong | song | zhong | chong | rong | gong | kong | hong | |||||||||
i | yi | bi | pi | mi | di | ti | ni | li | ji | qi | xi | |||||||||||
ia | ya | dia | lia | jia | qia | xia | ||||||||||||||||
iao | yao | biao | piao | miao | diao | tiao | niao | liao | jiao | qiao | xiao | |||||||||||
ie | ye | bie | pie | mie | die | tie | nie | lie | jie | qie | xie | |||||||||||
iou | you | miu | diu | niu | liu | jiu | qiu | xiu | ||||||||||||||
iai | yai | |||||||||||||||||||||
ian | yan | bian | pian | mian | dian | tian | nian | lian | jian | qian | xian | |||||||||||
in | yin | bin | pin | min | nin | lin | jin | qin | xin | |||||||||||||
iang | yang | niang | liang | jiang | qiang | xiang | ||||||||||||||||
ing | ying | bing | ping | ming | ding | ting | ning | ling | jing | qing | ||||||||||||
io | yo | |||||||||||||||||||||
iong | yong | jiong | qiong | xiong | ||||||||||||||||||
u | wu | bu | pu | mu | fu | du | tu | nu | lu | zu | cu | su | zhu | chu | shu | ru | gu | ku | hu | |||
ua | wa | zhua | chua | shua | rua | gua | kua | hua | ||||||||||||||
uo | wo | duo | tuo | nuo | luo | zuo | cuo | suo | zhuo | chuo | shuo | ruo | guo | kuo | huo | |||||||
uai | wai | zhuai | chuai | shuai | guai | kuai | huai | |||||||||||||||
uei | wei | dui | tui | zui | cui | sui | zhui | chui | shui | rui | gui | kui | hui | |||||||||
uan | wan | duan | tuan | nuan | luan | zuan | cuan | suan | zhuan | chuan | shuan | ruan | guan | kuan | huan | |||||||
uen | wen | dun | tun | nun | lun | zun | cun | sun | zhun | chun | shun | run | gun | kun | hun | |||||||
uang | wang | zhuang | chuang | shuang | guang | kuang | huang | |||||||||||||||
ueng | weng | |||||||||||||||||||||
ü | yu | nü | lü | ju | qu | xu | ||||||||||||||||
üe | yue | nüe | lüe | jue | que | xue | ||||||||||||||||
üan | yuan | juan | quan | xuan | ||||||||||||||||||
ün | yun | jun | qun | xun | ||||||||||||||||||
m | m | hm | ||||||||||||||||||||
n | n | |||||||||||||||||||||
ng | ng | hng |
This table includes all syllables and furthermore distinguishes between the different pronunciations of '-i' in zhi and zi. The finals iu, ui, un are shown as iou, uei, uen as to emphasise their pronunciation and the fact, that the forms with prepended y- and w- actually belong to this class.
Jyutping syllable table
Following Pinyin syllable sets compared here is a table of syllables of the Cantonese language written in Romanisation Jyutping.
There are two sources: Research Centre for Humanities Computing of the Research Institute for the Humanities (RIH), Faculty of Arts, The Chinese University of Hong Kong - 粵音節表 (Table of Cantonese Syllables) and the Unihan table.
Unihan has two syllables in field kCantonese which finals are not listed in the table from the Centre for Humanities Computing: loei (for 唳, 捩) and om (for 媕). The table beneath thus extends the final set by -oei and -om. Syllables found in the Unihan database are emphasised (italic), syllables from the table of the Centre for Humanities Computing marked with a 1.
b | p | m | f | d | t | n | l | g | k | ng | h | gw | kw | w | z | c | s | j | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
i | mi1 | di | ti | ni1 | li1 | wi | zi1 | ci1 | si1 | ji1 | ||||||||||
ip | dip1 | tip1 | nip1 | lip1 | gip1 | kip | hip1 | zip1 | cip1 | sip1 | jip1 | |||||||||
it | bit1 | pit1 | mit1 | dit1 | tit1 | nit | lit1 | git1 | kit1 | ngit1 | hit1 | zit1 | cit1 | sit1 | jit1 | |||||
ik | bik1 | pik1 | mik1 | dik1 | tik1 | nik1 | lik1 | gik1 | gwik1 | kwik | wik1 | zik1 | cik1 | sik1 | jik1 | |||||
im | dim1 | tim1 | nim1 | lim1 | gim1 | kim1 | him1 | zim1 | cim1 | sim1 | jim1 | |||||||||
in | bin1 | pin1 | min1 | din1 | tin1 | nin1 | lin1 | gin1 | kin1 | hin1 | zin1 | cin1 | sin1 | jin1 | ||||||
ing | bing1 | ping1 | ming1 | fing | ding1 | ting1 | ning1 | ling1 | ging1 | king1 | hing1 | gwing1 | wing1 | zing1 | cing1 | sing1 | jing1 | |||
iu | biu1 | piu1 | miu1 | fiu | diu1 | tiu1 | niu1 | liu1 | giu1 | kiu1 | hiu1 | ziu1 | ciu1 | siu1 | jiu1 | |||||
yu | zyu1 | cyu1 | syu1 | jyu1 | ||||||||||||||||
yut | dyut1 | tyut1 | lyut1 | gyut1 | kyut1 | hyut1 | zyut1 | cyut1 | syut1 | jyut1 | ||||||||||
yun | dyun1 | tyun1 | nyun1 | lyun1 | gyun1 | kyun1 | hyun1 | zyun1 | cyun1 | syun1 | jyun1 | |||||||||
u | bu | fu1 | gu1 | ku1 | wu1 | |||||||||||||||
up | ||||||||||||||||||||
ut | but1 | put1 | mut1 | fut1 | gut | kut1 | wut1 | |||||||||||||
uk | uk1 | buk1 | puk1 | muk1 | fuk1 | duk1 | tuk1 | nuk1 | luk1 | guk1 | kuk1 | nguk1 | huk1 | zuk1 | cuk1 | suk1 | juk1 | |||
um | ||||||||||||||||||||
un | bun1 | pun1 | mun1 | fun1 | gun1 | kwun | wun1 | cun | ||||||||||||
ung | ung1 | bung1 | pung1 | mung1 | fung1 | dung1 | tung1 | nung1 | lung1 | gung1 | kung1 | ngung1 | hung1 | zung1 | cung1 | sung1 | jung1 | |||
ui | bui1 | pui1 | mui1 | fui1 | gui1 | kui1 | kwui | wui1 | zui | |||||||||||
e | e1 | be1 | pe | me1 | fe | de1 | ne1 | le1 | ge1 | ke1 | he | we | ze1 | ce1 | se1 | je1 | ||||
ep | gep1 | kep | ||||||||||||||||||
et | pet | |||||||||||||||||||
ek | bek1 | pek1 | dek1 | tek1 | lek1 | kek1 | hek1 | zek1 | cek1 | sek1 | ||||||||||
em | lem1 | |||||||||||||||||||
en | ||||||||||||||||||||
eng | beng1 | peng1 | meng1 | deng1 | teng1 | leng1 | geng1 | heng1 | zeng1 | ceng1 | seng1 | jeng1 | ||||||||
ei | ei1 | bei1 | pei1 | mei1 | fei1 | dei1 | nei1 | lei1 | gei1 | kei1 | hei1 | sei1 | ||||||||
eu | deu1 | |||||||||||||||||||
eot | deot1 | neot1 | leot1 | zeot1 | ceot1 | seot1 | ||||||||||||||
eon | deon1 | teon1 | leon1 | zeon1 | ceon1 | seon1 | jeon1 | |||||||||||||
eoi | deoi1 | teoi1 | neoi1 | leoi1 | geoi1 | keoi1 | heoi1 | zeoi1 | ceoi1 | seoi1 | jeoi1 | |||||||||
oe | oe | doe1 | toe1 | goe1 | koe | hoe1 | zoe | |||||||||||||
oet | loet | |||||||||||||||||||
oek | doek1 | loek1 | goek1 | koek1 | zoek1 | coek1 | soek1 | joek1 | ||||||||||||
oeng | doeng | noeng1 | loeng1 | goeng1 | koeng1 | hoeng1 | zoeng1 | coeng1 | soeng1 | joeng1 | ||||||||||
oei | loei | |||||||||||||||||||
o | o1 | bo1 | po1 | mo1 | fo1 | do1 | to1 | no1 | lo1 | go1 | ko1 | ngo1 | ho1 | gwo1 | wo1 | zo1 | co1 | so1 | jo1 | |
ot | got1 | hot1 | ||||||||||||||||||
ok | ok1 | bok1 | pok1 | mok1 | fok1 | dok1 | tok1 | nok1 | lok1 | gok1 | kok1 | ngok1 | hok1 | gwok1 | kwok1 | wok1 | zok1 | cok1 | sok1 | |
om | om | |||||||||||||||||||
on | on1 | gon1 | ngon1 | hon1 | ||||||||||||||||
ong | ong1 | bong1 | pong1 | mong1 | fong1 | dong1 | tong1 | nong1 | long1 | gong1 | kong1 | ngong1 | hong1 | gwong1 | kwong1 | wong1 | zong1 | cong1 | song1 | |
oi | oi1 | moi | doi1 | toi1 | noi1 | loi1 | goi1 | koi1 | ngoi1 | hoi1 | zoi1 | coi1 | soi1 | |||||||
ou | ou1 | bou1 | pou1 | mou1 | dou1 | tou1 | nou1 | lou1 | gou1 | ngou1 | hou1 | zou1 | cou1 | sou1 | ||||||
ap | ap | dap | tap | nap1 | lap1 | gap1 | kap1 | ngap | hap1 | zap1 | cap1 | sap1 | jap1 | |||||||
at | at | bat1 | pat1 | mat1 | fat1 | dat1 | tat | nat1 | lat1 | gat1 | kat1 | ngat1 | hat1 | gwat1 | wat1 | zat1 | cat1 | sat1 | jat1 | |
ak | ak1 | bak1 | pak | mak1 | dak1 | lak1 | gak | kak | ngak1 | hak1 | wak | zak1 | cak1 | sak1 | ||||||
am | am1 | bam1 | dam1 | tam | nam1 | lam1 | gam1 | kam1 | ngam1 | ham1 | zam1 | cam1 | sam1 | jam1 | ||||||
an | an1 | ban1 | pan1 | man1 | fan1 | dan1 | tan1 | nan1 | lan | gan1 | kan1 | ngan1 | han1 | gwan1 | kwan1 | wan1 | zan1 | can1 | san1 | jan1 |
ang | ang1 | bang1 | pang1 | mang1 | fang1 | dang1 | tang1 | nang1 | lang | gang1 | kang1 | ngang | hang1 | gwang1 | wang1 | zang1 | cang1 | sang1 | ||
ai | ai1 | bai1 | pai1 | mai1 | fai1 | dai1 | tai1 | nai1 | lai1 | gai1 | kai1 | ngai1 | hai1 | gwai1 | kwai1 | wai1 | zai1 | cai1 | sai1 | jai1 |
au | au1 | bau | pau1 | mau1 | fau1 | dau1 | tau1 | nau1 | lau1 | gau1 | kau1 | ngau1 | hau1 | wau | zau1 | cau1 | sau1 | jau1 | ||
aa | aa1 | baa1 | paa1 | maa1 | faa1 | daa1 | taa1 | naa1 | laa1 | gaa1 | kaa1 | ngaa1 | haa1 | gwaa1 | kwaa1 | waa1 | zaa1 | caa1 | saa1 | jaa1 |
aap | aap1 | daap1 | taap1 | naap1 | laap1 | gaap1 | kaap | ngaap | haap1 | zaap1 | caap1 | saap1 | ||||||||
aat | aat1 | baat1 | paat | maat1 | faat1 | daat1 | taat1 | naat1 | laat1 | gaat1 | kaat1 | ngaat1 | haat | gwaat1 | waat1 | zaat1 | caat1 | saat1 | ||
aak | aak1 | baak1 | paak1 | maak1 | faak | daak1 | laak1 | gaak1 | kaak1 | ngaak1 | haak1 | gwaak1 | waak1 | zaak1 | caak1 | saak1 | jaak1 | |||
aam | aam1 | daam1 | taam1 | naam1 | laam1 | gaam1 | kaam | ngaam1 | haam1 | zaam1 | caam1 | saam1 | ||||||||
aan | aan1 | baan1 | paan1 | maan1 | faan1 | daan1 | taan1 | naan1 | laan1 | gaan1 | kaan | ngaan1 | haan1 | gwaan1 | kwaan | waan1 | zaan1 | caan1 | saan1 | |
aang | aang1 | baang1 | paang1 | maang1 | daang | taang | naang | laang1 | gaang1 | ngaang1 | haang1 | gwaang1 | kwaang1 | waang1 | zaang1 | caang1 | saang1 | jaang | ||
aai | aai1 | baai1 | paai1 | maai1 | faai1 | daai1 | taai1 | naai1 | laai1 | gaai1 | kaai1 | ngaai1 | haai1 | gwaai1 | kwaai1 | waai1 | zaai1 | caai1 | saai1 | jaai1 |
aau | aau1 | baau1 | paau1 | maau1 | faau | daau | taau | naau1 | laau | gaau1 | kaau1 | ngaau1 | haau1 | zaau1 | caau1 | saau1 | jaau | |||
m | m1 | hm1 | ||||||||||||||||||
ng | ng1 | hng1 |
Pinyin syllable sets compared
If you are in need of all syllables of Standard Mandarin (Putonghua) written in Pinyin you might come up with some seldom ones. The Xiàndài Hànyǔ Cídiǎn (现代汉语词典(第5版)商务印书馆, 北京 2005, ISBN 7-100-04385-9) for example lists syllables n and ng. The ISO 7098 norm for Pinyin then has syllables kei and rua.
Well, if you just need to do some simple processing, you might want to work with the known initials and finals and generate all combinations on the fly. This though introduces forms that are not understood by native speakers and might not help if you want to do some kind of error detection/correction.
Where do I find all forms? There is ISO 7098 which has a Annex A containing a table with all syllables contained in the standard. So, standards are always good. Though, as seen above some forms like kei might seem a bit akward. I'll be happy if anybody can point me out to a character that is transcribed this way.
Looking at the Unihan table you will find more forms not covered by the ISO norm. This is why I started to compile a table comparing the Unihan syllables with the ones defined in ISO 7098. The shape of the table follows the one in the IOS standard:
Emphasised (italic) syllables are found in the Unihan database. Forms with blue background are found in the ISO norm. You will see some forms not found in the ISO norm and some forms not found in the Unihan table.
a | o | e | ê | -i | er | ai | ei | ao | ou | an | en | ang | eng | ong | i | ia | iao | ie | iu | ian | in | iang | ing | iong | u | ua | uo | uai | ui | uan | un | uang | ü | üe | üan | ün | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | o | e | e | er | ai | ei | ao | ou | an | en | ang | eng | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
y | ya | yo | ye | yai | yao | you | yan | yang | yong | yi | yin | ying | yu | yue | yuan | yun | |||||||||||||||||||||
w | wa | wo | wai | wei | wan | wen | wang | weng | wu | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
b | ba | bo | bai | bei | bao | ban | ben | bang | beng | bi | biao | bie | bian | bin | bing | bu | |||||||||||||||||||||
p | pa | po | pai | pei | pao | pou | pan | pen | pang | peng | pi | piao | pie | pian | pin | ping | pu | ||||||||||||||||||||
m | ma | mo | me | mai | mei | mao | mou | man | men | mang | meng | mi | miao | mie | miu | mian | min | ming | mu | ||||||||||||||||||
f | fa | fo | fe | fei | fou | fan | fen | fang | feng | fu | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
d | da | de | dai | dei | dao | dou | dan | den | dang | deng | dong | di | dia | diao | die | diu | dian | ding | du | duo | dui | duan | dun | ||||||||||||||
t | ta | te | tai | tao | tou | tan | tang | teng | tong | ti | tiao | tie | tian | ting | tu | tuo | tui | tuan | tun | ||||||||||||||||||
n | na | ne | nai | nei | nao | nou | nan | nen | nang | neng | nong | ni | niao | nie | niu | nian | nin | niang | ning | nu | nuo | nuan | nun | nü | nüe | ||||||||||||
l | la | lo | le | lai | lei | lao | lou | lan | lang | leng | long | li | lia | liao | lie | liu | lian | lin | liang | ling | lu | luo | luan | lun | lü | lüe | |||||||||||
z | za | ze | zi | zai | zei | zao | zou | zan | zen | zang | zeng | zong | zu | zuo | zui | zuan | zun | ||||||||||||||||||||
c | ca | ce | ci | cai | cao | cou | can | cen | cang | ceng | cong | cu | cuo | cui | cuan | cun | |||||||||||||||||||||
s | sa | se | si | sai | sao | sou | san | sen | sang | seng | song | su | suo | sui | suan | sun | |||||||||||||||||||||
zh | zha | zhe | zhi | zhai | zhei | zhao | zhou | zhan | zhen | zhang | zheng | zhong | zhu | zhua | zhuo | zhuai | zhui | zhuan | zhun | zhuang | |||||||||||||||||
ch | cha | che | chi | chai | chao | chou | chan | chen | chang | cheng | chong | chu | chua | chuo | chuai | chui | chuan | chun | chuang | ||||||||||||||||||
sh | sha | she | shi | shai | shei | shao | shou | shan | shen | shang | sheng | shu | shua | shuo | shuai | shui | shuan | shun | shuang | ||||||||||||||||||
r | re | ri | rao | rou | ran | ren | rang | reng | rong | ru | rua | ruo | rui | ruan | run | ||||||||||||||||||||||
j | ji | jia | jiao | jie | jiu | jian | jin | jiang | jing | jiong | ju | jue | juan | jun | |||||||||||||||||||||||
q | qi | qia | qiao | qie | qiu | qian | qin | qiang | qing | qiong | qu | que | quan | qun | |||||||||||||||||||||||
x | xi | xia | xiao | xie | xiu | xian | xin | xiang | xiong | xu | xue | xuan | xun | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
g | ga | ge | gai | gei | gao | gou | gan | gen | gang | geng | gong | gu | gua | guo | guai | gui | guan | gun | guang | ||||||||||||||||||
k | ka | ke | kai | kei | kao | kou | kan | ken | kang | keng | kong | ku | kua | kuo | kuai | kui | kuan | kun | kuang | ||||||||||||||||||
h | ha | he | hai | hei | hao | hou | han | hen | hang | heng | hong | hu | hua | huo | huai | hui | huan | hun | huang |
For an overview of different table schemes, see Views on initials and finals of Mandarin in Pinyin.
Update: The Unihan table's column 'kMandarin' was used as a source here. Actually Unicode 5.1 Unihan comes with two other independent sets 'kHanyuPinlu' for the Xiandai Hanyu Pinlu Cidian and 'kXHC' for the Xiandai Hanyu Cidian, which have some forms not included in the first set. Syllable kei is found for two characters 剋 and 尅 in kXHC.
Sudoku in TCL
After doing the Sudoku implementation in Python I ported the code to TCL as to do some first steps in this language. It took me some time to cope with the TCL syntax, but there it is.
Sadly the solution isn't really object oriented, creating the namespace will only create one copy of the Sudoku field. I found a solution with http://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.5/tutorial/Tcl31.html but this needs TCL 8.5.
% source sudoku.tcl % sudoku::create % sudoku::setRandomFields % sudoku::toString |2|_|3| |6|_|1| |_|_|_| |_|6|_| |9|_|_| |_|_|_| |_|5|_| |_|_|_| |_|_|3| |_|_|4| |_|9|_| |8|_|_| |1|_|_| |_|_|6| |3|_|_| |_|9|_| |7|_|_| |_|_|2| |_|_|_| |8|_|4| |_|_|_| |8|_|_| |_|_|_| |_|6|_| |_|_|_| |_|6|_| |9|_|5| % sudoku::solveBruteForce 1 % sudoku::toString |2|4|3| |6|8|1| |5|9|7| |7|6|1| |9|3|5| |4|2|8| |9|5|8| |4|7|2| |6|1|3| |5|2|4| |1|9|3| |8|7|6| |1|8|7| |5|2|6| |3|4|9| |3|9|6| |7|4|8| |1|5|2| |6|7|9| |8|5|4| |2|3|1| |8|3|5| |2|1|9| |7|6|4| |4|1|2| |3|6|7| |9|8|5|
Same as the implementation in Python: released under the MIT license.
Attachment | Size |
---|---|
sudoku.tcl | 6.4 KB |
Spell check python source code
Submitted by Christoph on 18 February, 2008 - 00:46How to spell check Python source code, without wanting to non stop clicking "Ignore" for 'def' or other Python commands?
I have no IDE installed for python, quick Google check didn't give me any nice results, there's something for Emacs, brr.
On a mailing list somebody proposed to write a small script to extract all comments and strings. Though I hate small hacks like this, and would prefer a proper way, like opening my beloved Editor and letting it decided to not treat python code, but just comments and so on...
Well there you go, file extractSpellCheckable.py:
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
"""
Usage:
cat yoursource.py | python extractSpellCheckable.py
"""
import sys
import tokenize
g = tokenize.generate_tokens(sys.stdin.readline) # tokenize the string
for toknum, tokval, _, _, _ in g:
if tokenize.tok_name[toknum] in ['STRING', 'COMMENT']:
print tokval
Use it for whatever you like.
